Dr. Fitzgibbons Wins $5.7M for Corporate Retaliation Case

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Dr. Michael Fitzgibbons: A Physician’s Battle Against Corporate Retaliation

When Dr. Michael W. Fitzgibbons spoke out against his hospital’s acquisition by Integrated Healthcare Holdings, Inc. (IHHI), he never imagined the ordeal that would follow. What began as legitimate concerns about patient care escalated into a shocking case of corporate retaliation that would ultimately result in a $5.7 million jury verdict for intentional infliction of emotional distress. His experience serves as both a cautionary tale and a beacon of hope for healthcare professionals facing similar threats to their careers and safety.

Dr. Fitzgibbons’ story demonstrates the extreme lengths some corporations will go to silence whistleblowing physicians—and the legal protections available to those brave enough to stand up for patient safety and their professional integrity.

The Seeds of Conflict: Standing Up for Patient Care

Dr. Fitzgibbons’ troubles began when he voiced concerns about IHHI’s acquisition of Western Medical Center in Santa Ana, California, where he had just completed his term as Chief of Staff from 2002 to 2004. As a respected physician with clinical instructor credentials at the University of California Irvine’s internal medicine department and board member of the Orange County Medical Association, Dr. Fitzgibbons felt compelled to speak out about what he perceived as threats to the hospital’s financial stability and patient care quality.

His initial opposition to the acquisition proved prescient. In an earlier lawsuit, Dr. Fitzgibbons successfully challenged IHHI’s practices, resulting in a $150,000 attorney fee award against the company. This victory, however, would soon make him a target for retaliation that went far beyond typical corporate disputes.

The conflict intensified when Dr. Fitzgibbons sent an email to several colleagues expressing his concerns about IHHI’s financial health and its potential impact on patient care. IHHI responded by filing a defamation lawsuit against him, claiming damage from his communications about their business practices.

Corporate Retaliation Turns Dangerous

What happened next shocked even seasoned legal observers. According to court findings, IHHI’s CEO carried out his threat to “humble” Dr. Fitzgibbons through a series of increasingly dangerous retaliatory acts. The jury found evidence that the CEO orchestrated having a loaded handgun planted in Dr. Fitzgibbons’ car, leading to his arrest. This calculated move was designed not just to embarrass the physician, but to destroy his reputation and career.

The retaliation didn’t stop there. In perhaps the most disturbing aspect of the case, the jury also found that the CEO caused Dr. Fitzgibbons’ daughter to be involved in a serious automobile accident after one of her tires was slashed. This escalation from professional harassment to threats against family members crossed every line of acceptable corporate behavior.

These actions caused severe emotional distress to Dr. Fitzgibbons and his family. The physician found himself facing criminal charges while simultaneously dealing with the trauma of knowing his loved ones were at risk simply because he had spoken out about patient care concerns.

Legal Victory and Vindication

Dr. Fitzgibbons fought back through the legal system, represented by attorney Charles “Ted” Mathews of Helmer Friedman LLP. The case proceeded through multiple legal challenges, but justice ultimately prevailed.

Initially, a jury awarded Dr. Fitzgibbons $5.7 million in compensatory and punitive damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress. However, the trial court overturned this verdict, ruling that IHHI could not be held vicariously liable for its CEO’s actions because they were allegedly outside the scope of his employment.

The California Court of Appeal reversed this decision in 2015, reinstating the full jury award. The appellate court determined that the CEO’s retaliatory conduct was indeed connected to his employment responsibilities, as it arose from disputes directly related to IHHI’s business operations. The court rejected the argument that the CEO’s personal animosity toward Dr. Fitzgibbons absolved the company of responsibility.

Significantly, both the California Medical Association (CMA) and the American Medical Association (AMA) filed joint amicus briefs supporting Dr. Fitzgibbons. These organizations emphasized the fundamental public interest in protecting physicians’ right to voice concerns about policies and practices affecting patient health.

From Victim to Advocate

Dr. Fitzgibbons’ legal victory had implications far beyond his personal case. His experience transformed him into a leading advocate for physician rights and patient safety. Following his ordeal, he became recognized as a foremost expert in peer review processes.

His expertise proved invaluable to healthcare professionals navigating hostile hospital administrations. Dr. Fitzgibbons’ unique understanding of both the medical and legal challenges faced by whistleblowing physicians made him an effective advocate in administrative proceedings and legal disputes.

The recognition of his advocacy work extended throughout the medical community. His case became a touchstone for discussions about physician free speech rights and the protection of healthcare professionals who speak out about patient safety concerns.

Broader Implications for Healthcare Professionals

The Fitzgibbons case established important legal precedents for healthcare professionals facing retaliation. The Court of Appeal’s decision clarified that employers can be held liable for extreme retaliatory conduct by their executives, even when that conduct appears to be motivated by personal animosity.

The case also highlighted the critical importance of protecting physician whistleblowers. Healthcare professionals often possess unique insights into patient safety issues and quality of care concerns. When corporate interests attempt to silence these voices through intimidation or retaliation, patient welfare suffers.

The support from the CMA and AMA demonstrated the medical profession’s recognition that protecting individual physicians’ rights serves the broader public interest. These organizations understood that allowing corporations to silence medical professionals through retaliation would create a chilling effect on legitimate patient safety advocacy.

The Cost of Speaking Truth to Power

Dr. Fitzgibbons’ experience illustrates both the personal cost of corporate whistleblowing and the potential for legal remedies when retaliation crosses legal boundaries. The intentional infliction of emotional distress claim that formed the basis of his lawsuit requires proving that the defendant’s conduct was extreme and outrageous, causing severe emotional distress.

The planted handgun and slashed tire incidents clearly met this standard, demonstrating conduct so far beyond acceptable business practices that it shocked the conscience. The $5.7 million award reflected both the severity of the retaliation and the jury’s recognition that such conduct must be deterred through substantial financial consequences.

For other healthcare professionals, Dr. Fitzgibbons’ case provides both warning and reassurance. While speaking out about patient safety concerns can invite retaliation, legal protections exist for those who suffer extreme harassment or intimidation.

Seeking Justice for Corporate Retaliation

Dr. Fitzgibbons’ victory demonstrates that even powerful healthcare corporations can be held accountable for extreme retaliatory conduct. His case serves as a powerful reminder that intentional infliction of emotional distress through corporate retaliation is not just unethical—it’s illegal and can result in substantial financial consequences.

If you, a friend, or family member has experienced similar corporate retaliation, threats, or harassment after speaking out about workplace safety concerns or illegal conduct, don’t suffer in silence. The experienced attorneys at Helmer Friedman LLP understand the complex legal and emotional challenges faced by whistleblowers and retaliation victims. Contact them right away for a confidential consultation to discuss your legal options and protect your rights.

Dr. Fitzgibbons’ courage in standing up to corporate intimidation helped establish important legal protections for healthcare professionals. His legacy continues through his ongoing advocacy work and the legal precedent that helps protect other physicians who speak out for patient safety and professional integrity.

Defense Contractor Pays $8.4 Million After Whistleblower Complaint

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Raytheon Settles Case Alleging False Claims Act Violations

In an exciting development that highlights the vital importance of cybersecurity in defense contracts, the U.S. Department of Justice has announced a positive resolution involving Raytheon Company, RTX Corporation, and Nightwing Group LLC, who have agreed to an $8.4 million settlement. This agreement effectively addresses allegations related to cybersecurity compliance under the False Claims Act and reflects a commitment to uphold security standards in contracts with the Department of Defense. A special shout-out goes to Branson Kenneth Fowler, Sr., a former Raytheon Director of Engineering, whose brave decision to speak up has not only led to this impactful settlement but also earned him a commendable $1.5 million as a reward for his role in this case.

The allegations pointed out an important oversight by Raytheon and its former subsidiary, RCSI, concerning the implementation of essential cybersecurity measures for systems involved in unclassified work on specific DoD contracts. Specifically, they failed to create a detailed system security plan as required by DoD cybersecurity regulations, as well as to meet other cybersecurity standards set forth in DFARS and FAR.

The DOJ’s Civil Cyber Fraud Initiative, which began in 2021, emphasizes the growing emphasis on rigorous cybersecurity compliance among government contractors. By utilizing the False Claims Act and its qui tam provision, this initiative aims to effectively combat cybersecurity fraud. In FY 2024, the DOJ reported impressive outcomes, with settlements and judgments surpassing $2.9 billion under the False Claims Act, showcasing the significant impact of qui tam whistleblower lawsuits. Although there have been some legal challenges, such as a Florida district judge ruling certain provisions unconstitutional, the federal government remains steadfast in pursuing changes, as other courts have consistently upheld these constitutional aspects.

If you have insights regarding any legal violations similar to those discussed here, it’s incredibly important to connect with a whistleblower attorney. These knowledgeable legal professionals are here to offer essential guidance on the complexities of whistleblower laws, ensuring your rights are protected while you explore potential financial rewards under initiatives like the False Claims Act. An experienced attorney can expertly navigate the intricacies of filing a qui tam lawsuit and help secure the legal protections provided by whistleblower legislation.

False Claims Act Whistleblowers – Counterclaims

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See U.S. ex rel. Cooley v. ERMI, LLC, et al., C.A. No. 1:20-CV-4181-TWT, 2024 WL 815514, at *1 (N.D. Ga. Feb. 27, 2024)

A recent court ruling has allowed a medical equipment supplier to maintain counterclaims against a former employee who blew the whistle on the company for fraudulent activity. The employee claimed that the supplier provided medical equipment without a valid license. She also alleged that her employer had retaliated against her by stopping her from bringing the company into compliance and by subsequently forcing her out when she threatened to bring an False Claims Act (FCA) suit. The supplier denied these claims and filed counterclaims of its own. These counterclaims alleged that the employee breached her contract and fiduciary duties, and that she misled the company into thinking that a license renewal was forthcoming.

In February 2024, the Court made a decision to uphold the defendant’s counterclaims. The Court clarified that counterclaims for causes of action that are different from the FCA could proceed, even if they came from the same underlying facts as the FCA action. In this case, the Relator’s FCA claim and Defendant’s counterclaims both involved operating without a valid license.

The Court allowed Defendant’s breach of contract counterclaim for the time being. It reasoned that it was too early in the litigation to determine whether Relator fell within the confidentiality agreement’s safe harbor. This safe harbor allows the disclosure of confidential information to a regulator concerning conduct that an employee reasonably believes is illegal or in material noncompliance with applicable laws. If it turns out that Relator retained confidential documents only to support her FCA claim, then this counterclaim could be dismissed on public policy grounds.

The Court agreed with Defendant that Relator’s role in allowing Defendant’s Florida license to expire and misleading it into thinking a renewal was forthcoming was unrelated to the underlying FCA claims. The competitor’s lawsuit against Defendant was brought under the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act, not the FCA. Therefore, that claim constituted independent damages that did not offset FCA liability.

The Court upheld Defendant’s breach of fiduciary duty claims, as they were not violative of public policy. The Court determined that there was a clear distinction between the facts supporting liability for each claim, even though both the Relator’s FCA claim and Defendant’s counterclaims involved operating without a valid license. The Court held that overlap is what makes Defendant’s counterclaims compulsory.

The court allowed the supplier’s breach of contract counterclaim to proceed for the time being, stating that it was too early in the litigation to determine whether the employee’s actions fell within the confidentiality agreement’s safe harbor provision. If it is later determined that the employee retained confidential documents only to support her fraudulent activity claim, then the counterclaim could be dismissed on public policy grounds.

This ruling provides a roadmap for companies facing fraudulent activity claims to pursue remedies against whistleblowers, even if these counterclaims stem from the same underlying facts as the fraudulent activity claim. Companies should evaluate potential injuries imposed by the whistleblower’s actions during and after their tenure, and determine whether counterclaims may be appropriate.

Whistleblower Suing Under Sarbanes-Oxley Act Need Not Prove Their Employer Acted With “Retaliatory Intent” 

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U.S. Supreme Court Holds That Whistleblower Suing Under Sarbanes-Oxley Act Need Not Prove Their Employer Acted With “Retaliatory Intent”

On February 8, 2024, in Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC, 2024 WL 478566 (U.S., 2024) the U.S. Supreme Court held, in a unanimous decision authored by Justice Sotomayor, that a whistleblower seeking to invoke the protections of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act need not prove that their employer acted with “retaliatory intent.” Instead, the whistleblower needs to merely show that their protected activity was a contributing factor in the employer’s unfavorable personnel action.

Before discussing the details of the case, it is important to note that Murray continues an important and surprising trend at a Supreme Court (stocked with far right-wing conservative Justices) that is generally hostile to the rights of employees and consumers – it, almost uniformly, sides with employees in retaliation cases. So, as the following list demonstrates, the Supreme Court has sided with employees in 10 out of the last 13 cases stretching back nearly 20 years:

  • Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC, 2024 WL 478566 (2024)(siding with employee)
  • Digital Realty Trust, Inc. v. Somers, 583 U.S. 149 (2018)(siding with employer)
  • Artis v. District of Columbia, 583 U.S. 71 (2018)(siding with employee)
  • Green v. Brennan, 578 U.S. 547 (2016)(siding with employee)
  • Heffernan v. City of Paterson, N.J., 578 U.S. 266 (2016)(siding with employee)
  • Department of Homeland Sec. v. MacLean, 574 U.S. 383 (2015)(siding with employer)
  • Lane v. Franks, 573 U.S. 228 (2014)(siding with employee)
  • Lawson v. FMR LLC, 571 U.S. 429 (2014)(siding with employee}
  • University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338 (2013)(siding with employer)
  • Thompson v. North American Stainless, LP, 562 U.S. 170 (2011)(siding with employee)
  • Kasten v. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp., 563 U.S. 1 (2011)(siding with employee)
  • Staub v. Proctor Hosp., 562 U.S. 411 (2011)(siding with employee)
  • Crawford v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson Cnty., Tenn., 555 U.S. 271 (2009)(siding with employee)
  • Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 553 U.S. 474 (2008)(siding with employee)
  • Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006)(siding with employee)

In Murray, the plaintiff, Trevor Murray, was employed as a research strategist at the UBS securities firm, within the firm’s commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) business. In that role, Murray was responsible for reporting on CMBS markets to current and future UBS customers. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations required him to certify that his reports were produced independently and accurately reflected his own views. Murray alleged that, despite this requirement of independence, two leaders of the CMBS trading desk improperly pressured him to skew his reports to be more supportive of their business strategies, even instructing Murray to “clear [his] research articles with the desk” before publishing them.

Murray reported that conduct to his direct supervisor, Michael Schumacher asserting that it was “unethical” and “illegal.” Schumacher expressed sympathy for Murray’s situation but emphasized that it was “very important” that Murray not “alienate [his] internal client” (i.e., the trading desk). When Murray later informed Schumacher that the situation with the trading desk “was bad and getting worse,” as he was being left out of meetings and subjected to “constant efforts to skew [his] research,” Schumacher told him that he should just “write what the business line wanted.” Shortly after that exchange (and despite having given Murray a very strong performance review just a couple months earlier) Schumacher emailed his own supervisor and recommended that Murray “be removed from [UBS’s] head count.” Schumacher recommended in the alternative that, if the CMBS trading desk wanted him, Murray could be transferred to a desk analyst position, where he would not have SEC certification responsibilities. The trading desk declined to accept Murray as a transfer, and UBS fired him.

Murray then filed a complaint with the Department of Labor alleging that his termination violated § 1514A of Sarbanes-Oxley because he was fired in response to his internal reporting about fraud on shareholders. When the agency did not issue a final decision on his complaint within 180 days, Murray filed an action in federal court.

Murray’s claim went to trial. UBS moved for judgment as a matter of law, arguing, among other things, that Murray had “failed to produce any evidence that Schumacher possessed any sort of retaliatory animus toward him.” The District Court denied the motion.

The District Court instructed the jury that, in order to prove his § 1514A claim, Murray needed to establish four elements: (1) that he engaged in whistleblowing activity protected by Sarbanes-Oxley, (2) that UBS knew that he engaged in the protected activity, (3) that he suffered an adverse employment action (i.e., was fired), and (4) that his “protected activity was a contributing factor in the termination of his employment.” On the last element, the District Court further instructed the jury: “For a protected activity to be a contributing factor, it must have either alone or in combination with other factors tended to affect in any way UBS’s decision to terminate [his] employment.” The court explained that Murray was “not required to prove that his protected activity was the primary motivating factor in his termination, or that … UBS’s articulated reason for his termination was a pretext.” If Murray proved each of the four elements by a preponderance of the evidence, the District Court instructed, the burden would shift to UBS to “demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that it would have terminated [Murray’s] employment even if he had not engaged in protected activity.”

During deliberations, the jury asked for clarification of the contributing-factor instruction. The court responded that the jury “should consider” whether “anyone with th[e] knowledge of [Murray’s] protected activity, because of the protected activity, affect[ed] in any way the decision to terminate [Murray’s] employment.” When the court previewed this response to the parties, UBS indicated that it “would be comfortable” with that formulation.

The jury found that Murray had established his § 1514A claim and that UBS had failed to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that it would have fired Murray even if he had not engaged in protected activity. The jury also issued an advisory verdict on damages, recommending that Murray receive nearly $1 million.

After the trial, UBS again moved for judgment as a matter of law, which the court denied. The court then adopted the jury’s advisory verdict on damages and awarded an additional $1.769 million in attorney’s fees and costs. UBS appealed the decision, and Murray cross-appealed on the issues of back pay, reinstatement, and attorney’s fees.

The Second Circuit panel vacated the jury’s verdict and remanded for a new trial. The court identified the central question as “whether the Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s antiretaliation provision requires a whistleblower-employee to prove retaliatory intent,” and, contrary to the trial court, it concluded that the answer was yes.

On appeal, the Supreme Court reversed the finding that Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s antiretaliation provision does not require that a whistleblower-employee prove retaliatory intent on the part of his or her employer:

The Second Circuit’s opinion requiring whistleblowers to prove retaliatory intent placed that Circuit in direct conflict with the Fifth and Ninth Circuits, which had rejected any such requirement for § 1514A claims. This Court granted certiorari to resolve this disagreement.

Section 1514A’s text does not reference or include a “retaliatory intent” requirement, and the provision’s mandatory burden-shifting framework cannot be squared with such a requirement. While a whistleblower bringing a § 1514A claim must prove that his protected activity was a contributing factor in the unfavorable personnel action, he need not also prove that his employer acted with “retaliatory intent.”

The Second Circuit and UBS both rely heavily on the word “discriminate” in § 1514A to impose a “retaliatory intent” requirement on whistleblower plaintiffs. As UBS acknowledges, the Second Circuit’s holding was “expressly predicated” on the word “discriminate.” That word, however, cannot bear the weight that both the Second Circuit and UBS place on it.

Consider the statutory text: No employer subject to Sarbanes-Oxley “may discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other manner discriminate against an employee in the terms and conditions of employment because of ” the employee’s protected whistleblowing activity. § 1514A(a). To start, the placement of the word “discriminate” in the section’s catchall provision suggests that it is meant to capture other adverse employment actions that are not specifically listed, drawing meaning from the terms “discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, [and] harass” rather than imbuing those terms with a new or different meaning. Here, there is no dispute that Murray was “discharge[d],” and so it is not obvious that the “or in any other manner discriminate” clause has any relevance to his claim. According to UBS, though, “discriminate” in the catchall provision relates back to and characterizes “discharge,” such that “to be actionable, discharge must be a ‘manner’ of discriminating.” Accepting this statutory construction argument “for argument’s sake,” as this Court did in Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U. S. 644, 657 (2020), the question is whether the word “discriminate” inherently requires retaliatory intent. It does not.

An animus-like “retaliatory intent” requirement is simply absent from the definition of the word “discriminate.” When an employer treats someone worse—whether by firing them, demoting them, or imposing some other unfavorable change in the terms and conditions of employment—“because of ” the employee’s protected whistleblowing activity, the employer violates § 1514A. It does not matter whether the employer was motivated by retaliatory animus or was motivated, for example, by the belief that the employee might be happier in a position that did not have SEC reporting requirements.

Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC, 2024 WL 478566, *6-8 (U.S., 2024)(cleaned up).

Thankfully, the Supreme Court’s Murray decision will lower the arbitrarily high “retaliatory animus” hurdle that some courts have previously required employees to overcome in order to prevail on their Sarbanes-Oxley retaliation claim.